The South African Regime From 1910 Through 1994 Essays -

The South African Regime From 1910 Through 1994 The South Africa which was born in 1910 included people from Africa, Europe and Asia, and the system of government was modeled on the common law of the Netherlands, supplemented by modern English law. In many respects, this new country was a compromise. It would acquire two official languages (Afrikaans and English); three capitals (an administrative capital, Pretoria; a legislative capital, Cape Town and a judicial capital, Bloemfontein); and the symbols of the state would reflect the union of Afrikaans and English-speaking whites. While the new state had a democratic form, with a few controversial exceptions, only whites enjoyed the vote. For virtually the whole of its history therefore, politics has been practiced on a whites only basis. Therefore, when looking closely at the system and attempting to place the government in a category, I would create a new category summarized as a selectively democratic regime. White interests obviously shaped public policy. Spending on areas like education, pensions, health and housing, has greatly favored whites, who were clearly the major beneficiaries of the system. In addition, discrimination and injustice inflicted upon black South Africans have largely shaped the present political system. Black South Africans played virtually no part in the founding of the Union of South Africa. This was to be the start of a long and inspiring resistance to minority political rule that culminated some 85 years later in South Africas first truly democratic elections. Political protest began in 1909 when a delegation of blacks unsuccessfully petitioned the British parliament against approving the countrys independence constitution with its color bar. Some two years later in 1912, the largest black political organization, the African National Congress was founded. Blacks pursued moderate goals during the 1920s and 1930s and were then largely reliant on white liberals to achieve their aims. The basis for racial segregation, the offshoot of the policy of self-determination was the Population Registration Act of 1950. What followed was a now infamous collection of apartheid legislation that sought to segregate whites, coloreds, blacks and Asians from each other in all spheres of life and activity. Black resistance to apartheid was encouraged by an increasingly critical United Nations, the birth of the civil rights movement in the United States and the growing pressures for de-colonization and independence in the former European colonies of Africa and Asia. Rather than give in to increasing pressure, the Verwoerd government responded by accelerating the homeland policy in terms of which black South Africans were denied citizenship of white areas and were expected to exercise their political rights in designated traditional tribal areas. By 1970, in terms of a law, every South African black became a citizen of one of the ten homelands thereby excluding blacks from the South African body politics. This maintains the democratic regime of South Africa for the white citizens, and forces the black citizens out of any political realm. Afrikaner Nationalists had devised apartheid in a way of satisfying black aspirations without loosing political control. It was a response that failed for economic reasons. Given the nature of the economy, the natural movement of people to the cities could not be stopped, and in due course the major pillars of apartheid had to be scrapped. In 1983, Botha introduced a new constitution, which would incorporate the colored and Asian communities into government but only on a junior partner basis to whites. Blacks were totally excluded. To address the issue of black political rights, Botha suggested a national advisory council. Blacks rejected this idea and participation in the elections to fill the new colored and Indian chambers of parliament was bitterly opposed. The introduction of the Tri-cameral parliament, with its three chambers for whites, colors, and Asians, greatly politicized the colored and Indian community. Not only was the new system opposed for its exclusion of blacks, it also was condemned for the way it institutionalized racial groups within the constitution of the country. So, although it manages to maintain a certain skeleton of a democratic regime, this government only applies to certain individuals in the nation, therefore not truly following the democratic ideology. Botha himself probably accepted this, but believed that he could maintain white control

International expansion Essay Example

International expansion Essay Example International expansion Essay International expansion Essay Regardless of the many reasons that companies might have for international expansion9, once their target countries, regions and/or niche markets have been identified, managers face another critical decision: selecting the most appropriate method of foreign market entry which would further the companies objectives and strategies. Because making the right choice is never simple and is often influenced by a variety of complexly interrelated factors, the topic of strategies for international expansion has been in the centre of theoretical discussions for a number of years. Models that aim to describe how foreign market strategies are determined originate from the field of international business but have consequently been explored by marketing experts as a part of international marketing. Root10, for example, claims that the choice of market entry strategy is of critical importance to multinational enterprises (MNEs) since it affects their performance in the global market, impacts directly on their long-term competitiveness and determines to a large extent how successful their financial performance is going to be11. Other writers12 view decisions regarding this aspect of the marketing strategy as being of critical importance since the commitments made are likely to affect businesses not only in the short but also the long term. Douglas and Craig13 state that the method of foreign market entry signals the firms intent to key competitors and determines the basis for future battles. Due to the importance of choosing the right market, over the years a number of models have been developed which have aimed to explain why certain modes are preferred to others. International marketing theory contains five most popular paradigms which have been researched and applied widely. These theories together with their advantages and drawbacks are summarised briefly below: The stage of development (SD) model was developed by Johanson and Paul in 1986 while studying the internationalisation strategies of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). As suggested by the name, it assumed that entry modes chosen by firms were dependent on the stages of their development. The model viewed international expansion as an evolutionary process which was determined by the domestic location of the firm, and by the level of commitment it was prepared to make abroad. As such the SD model for the first time identified the correlation between the size of the enterprise, it resource capabilities and its risk tolerance in a foreign environment with the chosen mode of entry. Unfortunately, due to the fact that it failed to explain why some SMEs preferred to enter markets for the first time through foreign direct investment (FDI) rather than export it was never widely used in practice14. The transaction cost analysis model (TCA)15, originally created by Anderson and Gatignon and its consequent extensions, aimed to explain market entry modes as derivative of organisational structure. It suggested that multinational enterprises chose a specific mode of market entry in order to minimise the so called risk-adjusted efficiency. The latter determined choice as the best solution of the required level of control and the optimisation of the following types of: costs translation specific assets, external uncertainty, internal uncertainty and free riding potential. The TCA model extended the SD model in the fact that it identified the connection between cost (i. e investment) and control. In spite of this more innovative approach, however, it also had some clear weaknesses. First of all, it had limited application in practice since its core, the transaction costs were difficult to quantify and therefore to measure. Based on this the model could not be applied to the real world for business decisions. In addition, it had a limited explanation ability where complex choices of market entry were taken16. It neglected the influences of government and production cost on market entry17; failed to take into consideration the macro and micro environment circumstances in which companies operate18; assumed that the only reason for international expansion was the optimisation of profit19 and excluded any non-transaction benefits20. Lastly, while some of the more recent modifications of the model have tried to address these deficiencies, they are in reality still based on transaction cost which remains difficult to quantify prior to the relevant transactions. Finally, the decision making process model24 argued that entry mode choice should be treated as a multistage decision making process during which various factors are taken into consideration. Among there were the objectives of the firm, the existing macro and industry environments, and the associated risks and benefits. The major drawback of this model was that it concentrated on optimising the process but did not take into account which factors might affect it and what their impact on the entry choice might be. In addition it ignored the roles of the organisation and the decision maker in this process. Research indicates that no other significant theories regarding foreign market entry have been developed since 1998. Rather, many academics have concentrated on examining the impact of certain aspects affecting the entry mode decision. Factors other than the above mentioned have been examined to include: technology transfer, immigrant effect, market size, firm size, CEO successor characteristics, cultural distance, industry barriers and firm advantages, international experience, country risk and environmental uncertainty, role of staffing; foreign exchange and host country currency25. All of these can be organised into country specific factors (cultural distance, institution, exchange rate, etc. ), industry specific factors (market size, market structure, industry type, etc.), firm specific factors (firm capacity, firm size, etc. ) and product specific factors (product type, maturity, sales services, etc. ) The latter classification approximates closely a model that can be found in the recent works of Jobber26, according to whom there are two broad areas of consideration for companies that wish to internationalise. These are, on one hand, the macro-environmental issues or otherwise stated the ones originating from the external to the business environment, and micro-environmental issues which relate primarily to the capabilities of the firm. He divides the latter into two categories depending on whether they relate to the industry as a whole or to the company in specific (see fig. 2 below). The author of this research believes that this theoretical model due to its simplicity is far more applicable for businesses and since it includes many of the factors contained in the classical theory, it should be used as the foundation for this work. In his opinion, Jobbers representation provides a very good structured approach to the analysis of the variety of factors that can potentially impact on a companys strategic marketing decision of this type. It also follows closely the strategic business method for evaluating opportunities (i. e is true to process) while taking into account many of the above mentioned factors. The problem with describing the choice of a market entry decision, however, remains ill-defined, complex and dynamic27. It is a function of a number of factors and the ways and strength of their interaction, and not all of them have the same importance in varied situations. Individuals studying the same environment from different angles and with different expectations may arrive at different conclusions. Different examples selected, different time periods analysed, different methodologies used, or even different used in the analysis can lead to even conflicting results28. In the process of identifying the available alternatives, most academics agree that the classification of these is best presented on the basis of the degree of involvement into the target market. Possibly the most comprehensive and complete list of available strategies can be found in Doole and Lowe29 (see fig 3 below).

ARTICLE REVIEW Feminism and the role of gender politics in Literature

ARTICLE Feminism and the role of gender politics in International relations - Literature review Example Issues between feminist and experts in international relations cannot be reconciled; the reasons could be that feminists and scholars of international relations are working on different realities and knowledge perspectives. Tickner states that silence occurs between feminists and IR women scholars because of their drawing on different realities and using dissimilar epistemologies. Some IR scholars refer to gender as â€Å"a category of analysis†. Gender differences must be appropriately understood with more constructive dialogues on both sides. In bridging the gap between feminist and IR scholars, Tickner focused on feminist answers to questions and ideas from ordinary IR scholars. Identified were three types of misunderstandings on the debate between feminists and IR scholars: 1) the misunderstandings about what gender means in personal conversations and actions; 2) the various realities or nature of things as expressed by feminists and non-feminists when they talk about inte rnational politics, considering that feminists also do not talk about the same subject matter of IR; and 3) the epistemological gap about the question that feminists do not deal with theory. Claims of gender neutrality in language are filled with masculinist assumptions. Feminists provide the meaning of gender with socially and culturally constructed words like â€Å"power, autonomy, rationality, and public,† words which belong to the masculine world. These words have opposites (weakness, dependence, emotion, and private) which refer to the feminine gender. Masculine characteristics are designated with positive values, and both masculinity and femininity are interrelated: to be called â€Å"a man† one must not exhibit â€Å"womanly† weaknesses. Martin Wight (1995 as cited in Tickner 1997) lamented the lack of international theories about Western philosophies because the international system was characterized with less intellectual and moral aspects. Wightâ€℠¢s thoughts had some significance in that feminists had problems with theories when referring to the international subject. Realist and feminist theories could not reconcile. IR scholars comforted with the Kantian tradition that promoted a healthy debate on social relations and not on anarchy. Linklater (1982 as cited in Tickner, 1997, p. 5) supported the concept that citizens should cooperate with other states to develop â€Å"free lives.† IR scholars posit that Kant’s philosophy on women depends on time which can easily be countered in a gender-sensitive world. Feminists believe that the Western philosophy is embedded with masculine traditions that cannot be depended upon in creating a gender-sensitive IR. Tickner concluded that feminists and IR scholars have never reached a point of agreement; instead, their conversations have always been misunderstandings about ideas and theories on feminism and international relations. Some of the reasons for their misunderstandin gs are the use of ontologies and epistemologies, but also on power differences. IR scholars do not know full well feminist approaches. Both sides have to settle their differences by means of constant dialoguing and understanding of the problems. However, feminists and constructivists can share the same ontology, although there are some differences. IR feminists see that gender and power should go together in the

Resistance Training Intensity Vs. Volume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resistance Training Intensity Vs. Volume - Essay Example People tend to get the terms resistance training and strength training confused, however it should be known that these are two incredibly different matters, and thus they need to each be taken properly into consideration and understanding. In regards to the matter of whether or not multiple set training is better than single set training in regards to maintaining strength, this matter is one which has several different angles that need to be carefully examined; depending on what results you are looking for, the answer will thus be incredibly different, and with resistance training there are often several different options that you can have which will end with the same results. There was a study done recently, and the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a single vs. a multiple set resistance training protocol in well-trained early postmenopausal women; this study was great because it used people of a proper age and standing so that they could show whether multiple or single set training was better in regards to maintaining strength in the body overall. The subjects in this study were randomly assigned to begin either with 12 weeks of the single set or 12 weeks of the multiple set protocol, and "after another 5 weeks of regenerational resistance training, the subgroup performing the single set protocol during the first 12 weeks crossed over to the 12 week multiple set protocol and vice versa." (Kemmler, Lauber, Engelke, & Weineck, 2004). Basically what resulted from this study was that neither exercise type nor exercise intensity, degree of fatigue, rest periods, speed of movement, training sessions per week, compliance and attendance, or periodization strategy differed between that of exercise protocols, and as well, overall, "multiple set training resulted in significant increases (3.5-5.5%) for all 4 strength measurements, whereas single set training resulted in significant decreases (-1.1 to -2.0%)Body mass and body composition did not change during the study. The results show that, in pretrained subjects, multiple set protocols are superior to single set protocols in increasing maximum strength." (Kemmler, Lauber, Engelke, & Weineck, 2004). Therefore, if you are looking to increase and maintain strength as a result overall, then you will want to stick more with the multiple set training idea; there was even another study that was done that was similar to the previously discussed one, where women were taken and used in the study in order to find out whether multiple or single set training was more efficient in regards to maintaining body strength overall. In this study, just as in the other one, the results showed that multiple set training reigned supreme over the latter, in regards to the matter of increasing and maintaining strength overall. This study "compared the effects of single and multiple set strength training in women with basic experience in resistance training", and "Both training groups had significant strength improvements in leg extension. In the seated bench press, only the three-set group showed a significant incre

Economics of Rice and Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics of Rice and Gender - Essay Example She gives them similar books to their life experiences, which make them, reflects on their past tormenting experiences, which leads each of them to keep a diary. The students became motivated and changed their pathetic lifestyle for unity and being more forecast in life. They altered their forename to â€Å"freedom writers†. The movie has a series of life-changing themes such as self-reflection, patience, facing harsh conditions, striving for victory and certainty (Sara, 1). The students have undoubtedly undergone a momentous experience, and they can give back to the society as they not only leave whatever learned in the classroom, but they also extend it to the outside world. They also take the lead in helping others realize and nurture their potentials and maximize them. Additionally, they act as a vehicle for change in the society after realizing how powerful they can be. They try to transform a society rooted in marginalization along ethnic lines and try to instill confidence in them. However, despite being a role model to her student’s, Erin faces no acceptance from people around her and she has her father to cling onto. For instance, she has to do away with her intimidating husband. She also has to battle her jealous colleagues, who question her tremendous rise and popularity and educational board regulations, which she has to clash with. The toast of change scene in the movie just sincerely talks about Erin’s contribution towards the making up of her students. It depicts Erin as a selfless teacher, professor, mentor and a role model to her student’s lives. She makes them be aware of themselves and use their maximum potentials to reach wherever they want to and be what they want to be. She gives them an empowerment tool despite their parallel background she has nothing in common with them. Erin humbles herself down to the student level so that the students could understand her better yet they share nothing in common.  She attempts to develop the unsatisfactory experiences the society and life have passed on to her marginalized students.  

Mount Etna: History and overview

Mount Etna: History and overview Mount Etna is also known as Mongibello in Italian. To ancient Greeks Mount Etna is known as the god of fire. They also believe that Cyclops, who is a one eyed monster, lives there. People can go skiing on Mount Etna in winter and you can go hill walking in the summer, but you have to be careful in case it erupts when youre there. Mount Etna also has some famous caves on it which people like to go and see. There is also a lot of wildlife on Mount Etna like Frogs, Toads and even some turtles are found in some of the ponds and lakes, there are also a lot of birds and even some rare golden eagles. Mount Etna has a lot of trees so in autumn when the tree leafs change colour lots of people come to see them. Mount Etna is strato volcano so its lava isnt as hot as other types of volcanoes. It is on the east coast of Sicily quite near Messina and Catania. Mount Etna has the most amount of eruptions in the world. It is the biggest active volcano in Europe, it is about 3326m high and it has an area of about 1190km ². The volcanoes height changes every eruption and some of the eruptions have reached the cities near the coast. The mountain is about 21m smaller now than 1865 because of the weather eroding it away. Mount Etna is by far the biggest active volcano in Italy, being almost 3 times as big as Mount Vesuvius which is the next biggest volcano in Italy. Geologists think it has been active for over two and a half million years. Mount Etna is one of the most active Volcanoes in the world. Its usually a quiet Volcano not a violent one because it erupts so often. Mount Etna erupts most impressive when the vents and the top erupt. Ash storms only happen if the vents erupt. The lava from Mount Etna can sometimes get up to 1000 degrees Celsius. Thousands of people live near and on the slopes of Mount Etna, their houses and property get ruined quite a lot. The surrounded areas of Mount Etna are good for Farms because crops and vegetables grow well on the volcanic soil. One of the eruptions in 122BC caused so much damage to a nearby city called Catania that its residents were relieved from paying taxes to Rome for 10 years. Mount Etna has 3 vent creators on its slopes, which have lava, rocks, and gasses coming out of them. Mount Etna erupted most violently in 1669 when the lava demolished nearby villages on the bottom of the slope. Some other violent eruptions have happened in 1971, 1983, 2001-02 making the Italian government to declare a state of an emergency. All these eruptions have been dangerous but the one in 1669 when it hit the outskirts of Catania was by far the most violent. Mount Etnas Eruption 1669 Mount Etnas eruption in 1669 is the worst eruption so far in its history. During Mount Etnas history it has erupted quite often, so people dont usually bother when it erupts because its not that violent, but the eruption on the 8th of March 1669 was by far the most violent. On the afternoon of the 11th of March a lot of vents from the volcano opened between two nearby cities, these vents caused a couple of very dangerous explosions and a huge amount of lava came out of them and flowed downhill. It produced about 830,000,000m ³ of lava. The eruption was caused by two months of earthquakes under and on the surrounding areas of Mount Etna. This was caused by the African crust pushing under the Eurasian crust. This made Mount Etna erupt. On the 11th of March a 9km gap cracked open from Monte Frumento Supino to Monte San Leo on the south side of the mountain. The biggest vent cracked open near Nicolosi and oozed with lava and it ended up shaped like a cylinder cone and it is now a popul ar tourist point and is called Mount Rossi. On the first day of the eruption a town called Nicolosi and two other villages nearby were destroyed by the dangerous pyroclastic flow which can get up to about a speed of 500mph. The next three days the lava was flowing south and another four villages were destroyed. At the end of March another two bigger towns were destroyed and the lava reached the outskirts of Catania at the end of April. At the beginning of the lava reaching Catania, the lava flow hit against the wall which was meant to stop the lava flow destroying Catinia. The wall was strong enough for a while but on the 30th of April the lava reached the top of the wall and poured into the city which made the wall fall down. After a while of the lava getting into the city it reached the harbour and filled it up. Some of the people that live in Catinia built walls next to all the main roads to stop the lava going onto the roads which would cause some accidents and deaths. Other people that live nearby tried to direct the lava flow away from the city but they did not do that good of job. Effects of Mount Etnas Eruption 1669 The effects left behind from the eruption in 1669 were talked about worldwide. More than 10 villages were destroyed and a lot more were badly damaged by the lava flow. The west side of Catania was also badly damaged. The west and southwest of the city which was the richer side of the city, with lots of fruit gardens, expensive villas and a few monuments from Greek and Roman time were turned into a wasteland from the vicious lava. Catania was now surrounded by lava in all directions apart from the sea side. The pyroclastic flow damaged the south and south west of the city, unlike the eruption in 1381 when it destroyed parts of the north side. The pyroclastic flow doesnt always do the most damage but it kills the most people because it can travel so fast, and people cant get away from it. About 200 000 people died and about 27 000 people were also left homeless from the devastating eruption. Plate Tectonics Most volcanoes in the world are on a constructive or destructive plate boundary. Mount Etna is on a destructive plate boundary. A destructive plate boundary is when one plate is getting pushed under another plate. Mount Etna was made by the African plate pushing under the Eurasian plate which makes a volcano form. Mount Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei are two other volcanoes which are also made by the African Plate pushing under the Eurasian plate. Most active Volcanoes are positioned near or along the edge of plate boundaries. Scientists are trying lots of different ways to find a better way of seeing under the earths crust below a volcano. Bibliography http://www.solcomhouse.com/etna.htm http://www.bestofsicily.com/etna.htm http://www.volcanolive.com/etna.html http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/etna.html http://www.destination360.com/europe/italy/mount-etna http://www.worldtravelguide.net/attraction/285/attraction_guide/Europe/Mount-Etna.html http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Articleid=366 http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Mount_Etna_-_1669_eruption/id/1371107 Myocardial Infarction (MI): Nursing Assessment and Care Myocardial Infarction (MI): Nursing Assessment and Care The purpose of this reflective essay is to critically analyse the clinical assessment and nursing care of a patient suffering from an Myocardial Infarction (MI). This essay also reflect my personal experience and knowledge I gained in a coronary care unit (CCU) which will be useful in my future development. I used Gibbs model to reflect on my experience of caring for a patient with a Non ST elevation MI or NSTEMI (Gibbs 1988).The National Service Framework (NSF) for coronary heart disease (CHD) set standards for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CHD (DH 2000).Myocardial Infarction (MI) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom (NICE 2002). Reflective practice is one of the key processes of learning within the health professions. It enables you to reflect on actions taken and analyse what you may have done differently and how you will handle similar situations in the future. Learning comes from how you handle different incidences and experiences and reflection is a key part of this. There are a number of models to choose from such as John’s model of reflection (1994), Kolb’s learning cycle (1984) or Atkins and Murphy’s model of reflection (1994). However, this essay will use Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988) to critically analyse the clinical assessment and nursing care of a patient suffering from a Myocardial Infarction (MI). This essay will use the model as devised by Gibbs as a framework. Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988) is based on six separate elements. It would be worth looking very briefly at each stage before continuing. Stage 1 of this model is the description. It requires you to set out the context of the event such as who was there and what was happening? Stage 2 is feelings. This is how you felt about the event and how you felt about the outcome. Stage 3 of Gibbs’ model is the evaluation. This requires you to consider the experience as a whole. What went well and what do you feel wasn’t so successful. Stage 4 is an analysis of the event as a whole. It requires you to break down the event into it’s separate parts and look at each part in more detail. What sense can you make of the situation? Stage 5 is the conclusion. This stage invites you to question what you might have done differently or what more could you have done given all the facts. The final stage of Gibbs’ model of reflection is an action plan. What would you do i f you encountered the situation again? What about your actions would you change? This is the structure that this essay will follow. Stage 1: Description I was working as a nurse in a Coronary Care Unit (CCU) in London. NMC guidelines (2004) requires healthcare providers to protect all patient’s confidential information. From this point I will be referring to the patient as Henry. Henry is a 45 year old male who was admitted into the Accident and emergency Unit of the hospital where I was working with crushing chest pains radiating to his left arm and his back. Henry had had no previous or family history of coronary disease. The initial observations showed that he had stage 2 high blood pressure (138/78), a heart rate of 85, respiration of 15 and a temperature of 36.5 degrees centigrade. Saturation was 100% at 28% oxygen via face mask. An ECG done in AE showed ST depression in leads 11,111 and AVF less than 1mm. TroponinI was>32ng/ml. In AE an initial dose of aspirin and 300mgs of clopidogrel was given to Henry. 80mgs of Clexane was also given, along with 5mg of morphinesulphate. 2 puffs of GTN spray was also administered. He was then transferred to CCU for further management. I first came into contact with Henry that morning when he was handed over to me. He had been in a stable condition when he was admitted to the CCU and had said that he had had a pain free night but later complained to one of the senior sisters that he had in fact been suffering but didn’t want to disturb anyone since the pain occurred from 4am onwards. When I first encountered Henry he was pale, cold and clammy. GTN spray was administered and I also started oxygen at 28% as his saturation was at 98%. Henry had said his pain was in his central chest and back regions. His ECG results showed ST depression 2mm in leads 11,111,aVF. At this point his BP was 126/80,his heart rate was 100, his respiration rate was 19 and he had a temperature of 36 degrees centigrade. Once I had informed the registrar of this I started a GTN infusion and his blood pressure dropped to 110/76. I then wanted to assess the level of pain that Henry had said he was in. I used a numerical rating scale to determine the level of his pain. This numerical scale provides a valuable measure of the understanding of the intensity of pain (Thompson et al, 1994). He had initially scored an 8 out of 10 but after the GTN infusion was administered this dropped down to 5. He was then started on 50mgs of Tirofiban in 200mls of normal saline and 20,000units of heparin infusion. During this time the registrar arranged for an emergency angiogram at a nearby hospital in London. I arranged for the transfer to be made in the hour. Upon his return, angiogram on his return I checked his angio site for bleeding. I did an ECG and placed him on a cardiac monitor. I checked pedal pulse and did circulatory check in his right leg every hour. I advised him to stay in bed for few hours to avoid bleeding. When it was discovered that Henry had an Inferior NSTEMI he was scheduled to have an emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) which is performed by passing a balloon tipped catheter from an artery in the groin or arm and guided to the blocked artery of the heart (American Heart Association, 2008).The balloon is then inflated and removed, leaving in metalstent which squashes the fatty deposit that has been blocking the artery and therefore allowing blood to flow more easily. Jowett and Thompson (2003) argue that this method is very useful in alleviating symptoms and improving the prognosis of the patient. I was able to explain the procedure to Henry and then prepared him for the operation by shaving his groin and checking his bloods (including a coagulation screen). I also inserted venflon for intravenous access administered medications such as aspirin, informed the next of kin. The angiography had shown that Henry had 70-90% stenosis in proximal and midsegment section of vessel. The left coronary artery was free of obstruction therefore patient had PCI with drugeluting stents in the right coronary artery. The procedure was successful and I was able to start Henry on the first phase of his cardiac rehabilitation before his discharge. This involves a risk factor assessment and giving advice on how to lead a healthier life through reducing stress, having a healthier diet and taking regular exercise. I also gave him advice on his new drug regiment which would be an important part of his rehabilitation. Of course, longer term rehabilitation is required for patients who have gone through what Henry has gone through. He agreed to attend a exercise program once a week to be conducted in the hospital. A Myocardial Infarction (MI) can have a huge psychological effect on a patient. The changes that a patient is required to make to their lifestyle after suffering an MI can also have a damaging psychological consequences. Before Henry was discharged I had him fill out a questionnaire that would help determine his depression and anxiety levels based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale. Stage 2: Feelings As a nurse I know that it is impossible to give round the clock, exclusive care to just one patient. I had other patients to attend to on that day who needed my care just as much as Henry. However, I still felt frustrated that Henry was in so much discomfort and I was also annoyed with myself for not having picked up on this when he had been initially handed over to me. It was left up to the senior sister to tell me that he had been pain during the night. I also felt frustrated that he didn’t feel like he could tell anyone about the pain that he had been experiencing. I felt that on the whole my communication skills had been lacking on this occasion. Had my communication skills been better, I could have picked up on the pain Henry was in much sooner. This is perhaps the strongest feeling I have about this experience. Overall I felt relieved that I was able to discharge Henry. CHD is a massive killer in the UK and working on the CCU one experiences many outcomes that aren’t as positive as Henry’s. Of course, I know his life is going to have to dramatically change as a result of his MI but I felt like I had done my best to prepare him for these changes. Stage 3: Evaluation This stage requires a reflection of the experience as a whole and to look at the aspects that were successful and also to look at aspects that weren’t so successful. Overall I was pleased at the outcome of this experience. However, there are always areas that could be improved on. Perhaps the greatest failure came from not knowing soon enough of the chest pain that Henry had suffered through the night. Had his pain been reported or picked up on sooner then I could have possibly prevented some of the myocardial damage. The GTN infusion could have been administered sooner. The purpose of this infusion is partly because it is useful for analgesia but also because it is useful for the control of ischaemia as it relaxes the smooth muscles, arteries and veins leading to vasodilatation (Hatchett and Thompson, 2007). Had I known of Henry’s chest pain right from the start it would have been possible for me to administer this as soon as he was handed over to me. The CCU I work in follows the ESC guidelines for management of NSTEMI. In accordance with this, I started Tirofiban and Heparin infusion. Tirofiban is a nonpeptide mimetic antagonist of glycoprotein 11b/111a receptor. Because Henry was limited by unstable signs and symptoms, protocol states that Tirofiban in combination with Heparin and Aspirin will have lower incidence of ischemia. I thought that the care that Henry received before his PTCA and the speed in which he was able to have this surgery was a great success. The PTCA was also a particularly successful. In the BHF Randomised Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA3) trial of patients with NSTEMI, invasive strategies (PTCA or CABG) were found to be better when compared with more conservative strategies (Collnolly et al, 2002). I also felt that the care Henry received after his PTCA was very successful. The long term effects of this are yet to be realised but in the short term I felt that Henry responded very well to the lifestyle changes he was being asked to make. The long term care of patients who have suffered from CHD requires coordination across many different health care professions. It is often for patients to slip through the cracks and skip the parts of the rehabilitation that they find too hard. However, I felt that Henry was determined to get back to a normal life as soon as possible. Stage 4: Analysis The purpose of Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988) is to learn from your experiences. I feel that this stage has been adequately covered by the description given in Stage 1. In this previous section I have given a step by step breakdown of the events as they unfolded. Each part from Henry’s admission, to his treatment to the initial stages of his rehabilitation have been covered in sufficient detail above. Stage 5: Conclusion As already mentioned, one of the areas which I felt was most inadequate throughout this whole experience was communication. Jowett and Thompson (2003) argue that in the highly technical and invasive atmosphere of a CCU, good communication can sometimes be lacking. Ashworth (1984) argues that a patient needs to feel like healthcare professionals such as nurses need to be helpful, competent and approachable. Nurses in turn have to recognise the individual needs of the patients in their care. This is an area where there were obvious failures. Henry didn’t feel able to express the fact that he was in pain because he didn’t want to be a nuisance. In an CCU where it is a highly charged atmosphere, it is possible that the patient may feel quite a lot of discomfort but won’t speak up because they may feel that they are inconveniencing someone or also they may feel that everyone in the CCU is probably feeling worse than them so they should just deal with the pain and not speak up. This failure to communicate is both the fault of the patient and the healthcare professional but the healthcare professional should be able to recognise when a patient is in pain. Stage 6: Action Plan Clinically I feel all the proper guidelines and protocols were applied in the case of Henry. As has already been stated, what was lacking is the communication. I am likely to encounter similar situations again as a nurse in a CCU. CHU is a leading health concern in the UK so it is important that one is able to learn from experiences and use them when encountering similar situations. The role of nurse in a CCU is one that is rapidly evolving and changing so it is important to learn from experiences and apply this learning to everyday practice. What my experience with Henry has taught me is that I need to treat each patient as individuals with individual problems and with differing levels of communication skills. Some patients are good at communicating what they feel while others aren’t. Spotting that Henry was in pain sooner may have led to less damage of his heart tissue. Of course the damage had already been done before he came into hospital but I may have missed signs that I should have picked up on when he was initially handed over to me. As nurses we should be striving to make the patients in our care as comfortable as possible. This especially important in a CCU where patients are having to deal with a variety of problems and a wide range of emotions. It is easy to get caught up in the highly charged atmosphere and not see the patients as individuals. This is something that I aim to work on in my future career as a nurse. Bibliography and References: Bassand, J., Hamm,C,Ardissino D et al (2007) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Non-ST-segment Elevation acute coronary syndrome:The task force for the diagnosis and treatment of Non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes of the European society of cardiology. European Heart Journal 28:1598-1660. B .Scheller,U.speck,M.Bohm Prevention of restenosis; is angioplasty the answer. Heart 2007(93) 539-541. Derek L Connolly,Gregory YH lip and Bernard SP chin.Anti thrombotic strategies in acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention.ABC of antithrombotic therapy BMJ.2002 325(7377): 1404-14 E coady Managing patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome Nursing standard 2006(20) 49-56. Fox KA (2004) Management of acute coronary syndromes: an update.Heart 2004(90-1) 99-106. Gibbs ,G.(1988) Learning by doing :A guide to teaching and learning methods.oxford. Hatchett,R. and Thompson,D. (2001) Cardiac Nursing:A comprehensive Guide,London,Churchill Livingstone. Harvey D white (2008) Implications of a new universal definition.Heart 2008(94-6) 679-683. Henriksson M Epstein,D.M and Palmer SJ (2008) costeffectiveness of an early interventional strategy in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome.Heart 2008(94) 717-723. Jowett,N and Thompson,D.(2003) Comprehensive coronary care.3rd edn.London:Bailliere Tindall. Libby P (2001) Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes.Circulation. 2001(104-3), 365-372. Mathew B.earnest and Peter N. tadros march1,2007 consultant vol 47(3) National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease (2000) A report on the clinical and cost effectiveness of physiotherapy in cardiac rehabilitation London:NSF. Nursing and Midwifery council (2002) code of professional conduct.London.Nursing and Midwifery council O Connor, S (1995) The cardiac patient:nursing interventions.London:Mosby. Ornish,D.,Brown,S.E.,Scherwitz,L.w., et al.(1990)Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart diseaseLancet,336,129-133. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2002) Cardiac rehabilitation:National Clinical Guidelines. Edinburgh:SIGN Thompson, P (1996) The effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation.Nursing in critical care 1(3);215-220. Thygesen, K .,Joseph S., et al.(2007)Universal Definition Of Myocardial Infarction:Task Force For The Redefinition Of Myocardial Infarction.European Heart Journal(28) 2525-2538. World Health Organisation (1993) Needs And Actions Priorities In Cardiac Rehablitation And Secondary Prevention In Patients With Coronary Heart Disease.WHO Technical Report Service 831,Geneva, WHO . Wood,D., Mcleod, A., Davis,Miles,A.(2002) Effective Secondary Prevention and Cardiac Rehablitation.London:Ausculapius Medical Press. Woods, S.L., Sivarajan Froelicher,E.S. and Underhill Motzer, S.(2004) Cardiac Nursing, 5th edition, Philadelphia, Lippincott.

French Revolution Lower Class :: essays research papers

Life from the Bottom Lower classes have always been treated the worst of any other people. I, being a peasant farmer during the French Revolution, have experienced this maltreatment in mankind. We made up the largest group within the Third Estate. We were forced to do things that were out of our control. The peasants, such as me, did not like being under the rule of Louis XVI and his spouse Marie Antoinette. We were already deprived of money to begin with, yet we still lost half of what we had due to taxes. We were expected to pay feudal dues to the nobles, tithes to the church, and royal taxes to the king’s agent. Also, aside from taxes in money, we owed the corvà ©e. The corvà ©e was a certain form of tax that was paid by work rather than money. We were expected to do this for a certain number of days out of every year. During the rule of the Old Regime, peasants’ rights were depleted and our power was oppressed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the radicals tried Louis XVI for treason and demanded that he be executed, we peasants were relieved. We now gained more rights and felt freer. The Jacobins were now gaining more power. We didn’t like this at all. We were horrified by the beheading of the king. We knew that the beheadings could become a routine within our country. As many leaders were trying to gain power, one man slowly took control. His name was Maximilien Robespierre. His reign of power was known as the Reign of Terror. We were terrified of Robespierre’s power. We were all in danger of being guillotined. As many as 40,000 people were beheaded all together, and 80% of them were peasants. After awhile, the members of the National Convention knew none of them were safe from Robespierre. They finally turned against him and executed him on July 28, 1794. This execution ended the Reign of Terror. Everybody was relieved. If the European monarchies were able to squelch the revolutionary government of France, then Louis and Antoinette would not have ruled as long as they did. This would have meant, less tax paying for us peasants.

In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay

In the play ‘Hamlet’ by William Shakespeare, one of the main themes is the discrepancy between appearance and reality. The development of this theme through the plot, soliloquy and imagery help to reinforce the player’s role in the play and directs the audience to where their allegiances should lie for the climax of the play. The theme appearance versus reality is clearly evident throughout this Shakespearean play; it is introduced at the very beginning through Claudius’ speech to the court. The structure and rhythm of this blank verse carries him through but the imagery that Shakespeare uses signals to the audience the corruption in Denmark – he uses phrases such as ‘defeated joy’, ‘one auspicious and one drooping eye’ and ‘wisest sorrow’. These opposing images and hollow phrases reveal the hypocrisy of the diplomat’s words; how can a person have ‘one auspicious and one drooping eye’ unless they are duplicitous? Claudius’ opening speech is also eloquent, relaxed and so carefully structured that it appears rehearsed – he deals with three items of business before confronting his black-suited nephew: Old King Hamlet’s death; the threat from Fortinbras’ army; Laertes’ impending departure to France. Shakespeare here signals to the audience that Claudius is uneasier than he appears by leaving his nephew and son-in-law to deal with last. In my opinion, the exposition of Claudius’ Machiavellian mature at the beginning through the theme appearance versus reality is very effective as it reveals to the audience the corruption in Elsinore which essentially instigates Hamlet’s revenge and also exposes Claudius at the beginning of the play as the antagonist, aligning the audience’s sympathies. Furthermore, this main theme is developed through the soliloquies – in particular Claudius’. During his agonised soliloquy, Claudius puts on the appearance of praying but he is pseudo-sincere in this: ‘Pray can I not, though inclination be as sharp as will. ‘ This reveals Claudius confessing to the murder of his brother but not repenting for his sins. As he is not sincere in this, he believes that he will not go to heaven: ‘My words fly up, my thoughts remain below, words without thoughts never to heaven go. ‘ This rhyming couplet not only reveals the theme appearance versus reality, but is also richly ironic as this ‘prayer’ actually saves his life. Shakespeare also employs the transferred epithet ‘stubborn knees’ to further emphasise Claudius’ reluctance to repent for his sins and how he is putting on the appearance of praying, albeit mendaciously. In my opinion, the development of the main theme through Claudius’ soliloquy successfully polarises Claudius from the protagonists and reinforces him as the villain in the play, directing the audience to where their allegiances should lie for the climax of the play. In addition, Shakespeare conveys the theme appearance versus reality through Hamlet’s ‘antic disposition’. This is illustrated particularly well through Hamlet’s exchanges with Polonius: ‘Let her not walk i’th’sun. Conception is a blessing. But as your daughter may conceive – friend, look to’t. ‘ Although these words sound like nonsense to Polonius and the audience, there is a thread of bitter satire running through them. Hamlet reveals his witty sarcasm here as he is aware that Ophelia has been prevented from seeing him and tells Polonius that he should not let her walk in the sun if he wishes to prevent her becoming pregnant. Hamlet’s ‘antic disposition’ is reinforced throughout the play but particularly through his exchanges with Claudius: ‘Excellent i’faith – of the chameleon’s dish. I eat the air, promised crammed. You cannot feed capons so. ‘ Hamlet here is trying to make Claudius think that he is frustrated at not being the King; Claudius pretends not to understand him. In my opinion, Shakespeare effectively polarises Hamlet from Claudius through his ‘antic disposition’ and wit which in turn successfully aligns the audience with the protagonist for the denouement. Furthermore, it could be argued that the theme of surveillance intertwines with the main theme appearance versus reality which helps to further develop the audience’s awareness of the conflict between reality and appearance. For example, Hamlet’s conversations with the two people he loved, Gertrude and Ophelia, were eaves-dropped by Polonius. As a result of the spying, Ophelia and Gertrude spoke to Hamlet with constrained formality: ‘How does your honour for this many a day? ‘. This heated exchange between the eponymous prince and Ophelia during ‘the nunnery scene’ recapitulates arguably the main theme of the play; appearance versus reality which is exposed at the very beginning and is reiterated through Hamlet’s exchanges with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern – they also spy on Hamlet for Claudius: ‘they did make love to this employment! ‘. In my opinion, Shakespeare effectively evokes sympathy for Hamlet and his little allies through dramatic irony and further polarises Hamlet and Claudius through the development of this main theme hence reinforcing Hamlet as the tragic hero of the play. In conclusion, the development of the theme appearance versus reality is essential in augmenting the audience’s understanding and appreciation of the play as a whole. In my opinion, Shakespeare effectively develops this main theme through the plot, soliloquy, imagery and dramatic irony which successfully reinforces the player’s role in the play and also directs the audience to where their sympathies should lie for the denouement.

The Disadvantages of Socialized Healthcare essays

The Disadvantages of Socialized Healthcare essays Socialized healthcare has emerged as a highly debated issue in the United States, attracting the attention from the media, as well as policy solution for political leaders. Both political parties are under increasing pressure to address the insurance and healthcare crises, in America. However, socialized healthcare has not been an effective or efficient solution to address these issues, in other countries, and rather has caused many healthcare systems to crumble. A portion of the challenge of rising healthcare costs is due to individuals not becoming sufficiently involved in decisions regarding their health and medical care or payment for services rendered. Instead, they simply entrust third parties, such as insurance companies, to make these decisions. Bills to fund health insurance for underprivileged children continue to be debated in Washington D.C.. There is a significant amount of support for some form of socialized medicine, a system of government controlled healthcare funded via taxation; however, there are significant downsides that must be considered before such a system can become a reality. One only has to look at the National Health Service (NHS) in Great Britain to begin to appreciate the challenges with socialized medicine. Founded in 1948, the NHS experiment quickly became more costly than anticipated. Today, one in eight patients wait more than a year for treatment (Carvel, 2007, s), prescription drugs are limited or unavailable for many, and the facilities are not up to par (Kelland, 2006, 1). Add to this government officials skimming funds and lagging research, and it quickly becomes a system no country would want to emulate. In order to cut costs in France, as is typical of government officials, their socialized healthcare program decided to buy heat-treated blood from foreign labs. Much of this substandard blood was tainted with AIDS and infected 3,000 patients. Canadians too find lengthy waits f...

The Relationship between Man and Nature in William Wordsworth’s poems Essay Essay Example

The Relationship between Man and Nature in William Wordsworth’s poems Essay Essay Example The Relationship between Man and Nature in William Wordsworth’s poems Essay Paper The Relationship between Man and Nature in William Wordsworth’s poems Essay Paper Nature has a dominant function in Wordsworth’s poesy particularly in ‘There Was a Boy’ and ‘Composed upon Westminster Bridge’ . because in both there is a connexion between Man and his milieus. Nature. In ‘There Was a Boy’ and ‘Composed upon Westminster Bridge’ Wordsworth expresses his love for nature in inventive and originative manner. for illustration ‘Uplifted. he. as through an instrument. Blew mimic hootings to the soundless owls’ . What Wordsworth was seeking say is that he boy spoke to nature and it responded which solidifies the fact that nature is ever there and nature will neer abandon you. Wordsworth finds out every bit good as establishes in his verse form a passionate. impressive. emotional and religious and relationship between nature and human life. The love of nature leads Wordsworth to the love of adult male which is noticeable in many of his verse form. Wordsworth feels the being of a Godhead s pirit around all objects of nature – in the scene Sun. the unit of ammunition ocean. the life air. the bluish sky etc. Harmonizing to Wordsworth. nature plays the function of giving joy to human bosom. and the mending influence on sorrow filled Black Marias. Wordsworth takes pleasance in garnering with nature. Wordsworth manner of composing makes his work highly graphic in both yours and his imaginativeness. for illustration ‘with all its solemn imagination. its stones. its forests. and that unsure heaven received into the bosom of the steady lake’ . It gives a clear sense of what Wordsworth was seeking to show towards us and to seek to do us clearly see what is in his head. In the verse form ‘Composed upon Westminster Bridge’ . Wordsworth’s sister Dorothy said ‘†¦ we left London on Saturday forenoon at ? past 5 or 6. the 31st July ( I have forgot which ) we mounted the Dover Coach at Charing Cross. It was a beautiful forenoon. The City. St Pauls. with the River A ; a battalion of small Boats. made a most beautiful sight as we crossed Westminster Bridge. The houses were non overhung by their cloud of fume A ; they were spread out infinitely. yet the Sun shone so brilliantly with such a pure visible radiation that there was even something like the pureness of one of nature’s ain expansive Spectacles’ . this was inspiration for this verse form because on a twenty-four hours Wordsworth would hold found himself in a different type of puting. He would hold found London crowded with people and there would hold been an abundant sum of noise. In the verse form he says ‘Open unto the Fieldss. and to the sky ; all bright and glittering in the smokeless air’ . during Wordsworth’s clip it was around the industrial revolution hence doing the early forenoon sky fill with fume from all the machinery at work. Wordsworth uses religious mentions to reflect his religious experiences for illustration. ‘Dear God! The really houses seem asleep ; and all that mighty bosom is lying still! ’ . Wordsworth has th ese minutes he calls ‘spots of time’ which harmonizing to him usually refer to nature. Wordsworth loves this ‘spots of time’ and finds it and of import thing in composing his poesy.

Operation Management Bachelor Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Operation Management Bachelor - Case Study Example The role of the total quality management should be emphasised as an important strategy for the London Zoo to increase the number of visitors. Another unique and contributing factor for the Zoo can be the improvement in the service management in order to meet the specific needs of the customers. While keeping in view the case of London Zoo the organization is advised to use innovation as an approach to compete. Since the last few decades the concept of tourists' destination has been transformed from merely entertaining sites to highly automate and managed business organizations competing in the tourism industry. There are many pros and cons of the trend. There are many factors that create a global environment for the sector, such as efficient and low cost of services, efficient logistics from production to the counter, new and changing visitors' patterns etc. All these developments are supported by the penetration of information and communication technologies (ICT) across the entire business chain from plan to services, logistics, sales, branding, and market research. (Emcc, 2005) Service Operation Management is related to service quality. Delivering the expected quality by meeting the customers' expected value is the essence of service operation management. ... The characteristics are that, they are intangible, they are variable, they are perishable, and they are simultaneously produced and consumed (Shiffman and Kanuk, 1997). The evaluation of service qualities highly depends on the visitors' experience of service qualities in the service. This evaluation is difficult after a visit (Ostrom and Lacobucci, 1995). Dale, (1989), "consumer views and normally results from consumer's expectations of service, with their ideas of how services should be delivered". Daryl Wyckoff has defined service quality as, "Quality is the degree of excellence intended, and the control of variability in achieving that excellence, in meeting customers' requirements." (Wyckoff, 1984, p 81) This theorem of quality is however not accurate as experts says 'Quality is whatever the customer says it is and the quality of a particular product or service is whatever the customer perceives it to be' (Powers,1997, p 179). So the main emphasis is on the customer and perceived quality. When the delivered service does not meet the perceived quality then there is gap which can be best described by the below mentioned gap model by Parasuraman, 1988. THE SERVICE QUALITY GAP MODEL Despite the useful underlying concepts of this model, in practice measuring customer satisfaction can be very subjective in nature. SERVQUAL is a survey technique that attempts to quantify the service gaps; however in practice its application is limited (Parasuraman, 1988). A manager may be able to apply the underlying concepts in practice, but any quantitative application requires lots of time and resources which small enterprise lack. Quality is made up of two components viz. technical and interpersonal. The service marketers like small

Master Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Master Budget - Essay Example The first and foremost step in developing the master budget is the sales forecast in terms of quantities and values of products. After considering the opening and closing inventory levels, the production quantities are determined which is known as the production budget. The production budget is further divided into the direct materials purchases and usage, direct labor and factory overhead budgets. Likewise the indirect material and labor, other factory overheads, cost of manufacturing, cost of goods sold, ending inventory of finished goods, selling, administrative and operating expenses are budgeted. Finally, the cash budget is prepared in which cash receipts and disbursements are determined. The process ends with the completion of the Pro Forma Income Statement, Pro Forma Statement of Cash flows and Pro Forma Balance Sheet. Zero based budgeting is a method of budgeting where all expenditures are justified and every department function is reviewed comprehensively rather than only gauging the increases. The reasons for adopting a zero based budget are that it results in efficient allocation of resources, it helps detecting inflating budgets, cost effective ways to improve operations are determined, it increases the staff motivation and provides an initiative for decision making, it is highly useful for departments where the output is not identifiable, it identifies outsourcing opportunities, removes wastage and outdated operations, communication and coordination within the organization becomes more efficient, and the task of cost centers and their relationship to the overall goals are identified. Question 2 Usually a budget also contains non-financial information. This information is used to explain the financial information, qualify it and divide the financial information into sub information. Types of Non-Financial Information Information like the quality of the resources, quantity of the resource required, procedure for calculation and the mechanism is generally included. In some cases the workload on the employees and the human resources required to do the job is often included. This information is used injunction with the financial details and helps to clarify the budget. Calculation of Financial Information using Non-Financial Information Non-Financial information is used commonly to calculate the financial information. For example the quality of a certain product can be divided into 4 classes and each class is allocated a weightage. The price of the product will be multiplied with the weighted average of the product to give the actual total price. Another example can be the quantity of wood required to manufacture 1000 units of chairs. This will be calculated by first finding the number of planks of wood a truck of tree gives. Then the quality of wood will be quantified to manufacture one unit of chair and finally the total cost will be found out. Thus non-financial information is usually necessary to calculate financial information. Advantages of Including Non-Financial Information in Budgets The benefit of using non-financial information in the budgets is that it makes the employees aware of the goals and objectives expected. These goals are set by using the non-financial inf